Yes. If your monster is in attack position and you attack a monster that has more attack points than yours, your monster is destroyed and you take Battle Damage to your Life Points equal to the difference between your opponent's monster's Attack Points and your monster's Attack Points.
Number 92 Heart-eartH Dragon states that your opponent takes any battle damage that would be dealt to you. So if you attacked their 3000ATK monster, Heart-eartH will not be destroyed, you will take no battle damage, the 3000 that you would take, is dealt to the opponent instead.
Monster cards do not have life points and there is no concept of 'damaging' a monster card except for battle. In battle a monster either dies or it does not, there is no accumulating damage such as in Magic the Gathering. A monster can fight off an infinite amount of monsters that are weaker than it, but is destroyed if it battles with one of equal or greater power.
When a monster attacks Reflect Bounder, the attacking player takes damage equal to his attacking monster's ATK. The defending player takes damage as normal. Reflect Bounder is then destroyed regardless of the damage calculation. So imagine attacking it with Blue-Eyes White Dragon, ATK 3000. The attacking player will take 3000 damage from Reflect Bounder's effect. The defending player will take 1300 damage due to his monster battling with a stronger one. Reflect Bounder will be destroyed by battle. Imagine attacking it with Sangan, ATK 1000. The attacking player will take 1000 damage from Reflect Bounder's effect, and then 700 battle damage due to attacking a stronger monster. Sangan will be destroyed by battle, and Reflect Bounder will be destroyed by its own effect.
When a monster attacks a defense position monster with DEF equal to to the attacking monster's ATK, no damage is inflicted to either player's Life Points and no monsters are destroyed in battle. Some monsters have effects that activate before or after they battle, so you must take those into account as well.
If your monster is stronger than the opponent's, and theirs is in attack position, then yes. So if your monster was 2400 ATK and the opponent's is 1800ATK, then first, during Damage Calculation, the opponent will take 600 damage to his lifepoints. Then at the end of the damage step, the monster will go to the graveyard and the opponent will be dealt a further 1800 damage from your monster's effect.
You do.
Yes. Flip Effects are applied after damage calculation. If Gale Lizard's attacked, it's flipped face-up, then you calculate damage to see if it's destroyed. Then, its effect will activate and return an opponent's monster and Gale Lizardwill be destroyed.
This card cannot be destroyed by battle. You take no Battle Damage from battles involving this card. When this Attack Position card is attacked by your opponent's monster, before damage calculation inflict damage to your opponent equal to that monster's ATK. During your End Phase, Tribute 1 monster or destroy this card. When this card is destroyed, except by its own effect, you can Special Summon 1 "Yubel - Terror Incarnate" from your hand, Deck or Graveyard.
The effect of "Kinetic Soldier" activates during the Damage Step when attacking a Warrior-type monster. In otherwords, right before you determine if a monster is destroyed and who loses Life Points, "Kinetic Soldier" will gain 2000 ATK. If its ATK is greater at this point, the opponent's monster will be destroyed. But if "Kinetic Soldier"'s ATK is still lower than the opponent's defending monster, "Kinetic Soldier" will be destroyed.
Yes. If your monster is in attack position and you attack a monster that has more attack points than yours, your monster is destroyed and you take Battle Damage to your Life Points equal to the difference between your opponent's monster's Attack Points and your monster's Attack Points.
If your opponent's monster is in attack mode, then the opponent will take battle damage if you destroy the monster with a stronger one. The amount of battle damage they take is equal to the ATK of your attacker, minus the ATK of the defending monster. If your attacker has 2400ATK for example and the defender's is 1800, then the opponent will take (2400-1800) 600 battle damage. If your opponent's monster is in defence position, then the opponent will not take any battle damage at all, regardless of how much higher your monster's ATK is than the defender's DEF.
Number 92 Heart-eartH Dragon states that your opponent takes any battle damage that would be dealt to you. So if you attacked their 3000ATK monster, Heart-eartH will not be destroyed, you will take no battle damage, the 3000 that you would take, is dealt to the opponent instead.
The damage is equal to the monster's ATK, with all bonuses and penalties applied.
When you take control of a monster, that monster is treated no differently to one of your own. So if an opponent has two monsters, and attacks with the stronger one, you can take control of the weaker one with Magical Arm Shield. Damage Calculation will be conducted as normal, the weaker monster will be destroyed and you will take battle damage. Or you could wait until the weaker one attacks, and take control of the stronger one, which the weaker one will be forced to attack. Now it's the opponent who takes the damage.
Select 1 monster your opponent controls and equip it to Relinquished (this effect can only be used once per turn, and you can only equip 1 monster at a time to this card). The ATK and DEF of Relinquished becomes the same as the monster equipped to it. If Relinquished should be destroyed by battle, the equipped monster is destroyed instead, and any battle damage you would receive from that battle is inflicted to your opponent's Life Points.
When a monster attacks Reflect Bounder, the attacking player takes damage equal to his attacking monster's ATK. The defending player takes damage as normal. Reflect Bounder is then destroyed regardless of the damage calculation. So imagine attacking it with Blue-Eyes White Dragon, ATK 3000. The attacking player will take 3000 damage from Reflect Bounder's effect. The defending player will take 1300 damage due to his monster battling with a stronger one. Reflect Bounder will be destroyed by battle. Imagine attacking it with Sangan, ATK 1000. The attacking player will take 1000 damage from Reflect Bounder's effect, and then 700 battle damage due to attacking a stronger monster. Sangan will be destroyed by battle, and Reflect Bounder will be destroyed by its own effect.