There is an option on the downloaded version that says "play offline" click that.
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Settings for MC.
The account is free and you can tecnicly download the game without even buying it, but, in order for minecraft to work you have to pay for it for $26.95. Then you can download the .jar file.
Yes and no.Only if the device is the same family as the original account. If you have a computer Minecraft account and want to play Minecraft on an X-Box you won't be able to.X-box Minecraft accounts will not work on an iOS Minecraft account, etc.You still need to buy seperate iOS, Android, X-Box, Playstation and Computer games/accounts. (Mac, Windows and Linux can use the same account tho.)
Okay I'm assuming you mean 'verify'. In that case: Go to Minecraft.net Login to your account/create a new one. Now, it'll probably say something like "Your account is not verified. We have sent an activation link to your email." So, login to the email you used to setup the minecraft account, and check all inboxes. You should see an email sent by 'Mojang AB' Click the link or enter the code given in the email. It will now activate your account! This should work out for you. Enjoy minecraft!
Minecraft 1.5 and earlier: Right Click Minecraft 1.6 and newer: Left Shift I am guessing you will be playing a new version, so press shift. If that doesnt work, right click.