Vertical Federalism is the relationship among central, states and local governments vertically. Central government is at the top of the vertical line, and then state government and then local government. This clause is introduced to understand the distribution of powers among the three type of governments.
The cakes refer to the different types of federalism. The main concern is the sharing or separation of powers and the extent to which the State and Federal governments cooperate or compete. They are as follows Layer Cake--Dual Federalism--1789 to 1860 Marble Cake--Cooperative Federalism-- 1930 to 1960 Pound Cake--Co-optive federalism-- 1960 to 1980 Crumble Cake--Competitive Federalism-- 1980 till Present
federalism. Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided and shared between a central authority (federal government) and regional or local governments (state governments). This division of power helps to prevent one level of government from becoming too powerful.
Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units, such as states or provinces. This division of power allows for a balance between national unity and regional autonomy.
Working of federalism is there in theory and practice in India and US in various ways. This is stipulated in the conditions which binds the states together and most states in India and USA are governed through the federal system.
The 10th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution states that powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved for the states or the people. This relates to federalism by emphasizing the division of powers between the national government and the states, allowing for a balance of authority and autonomy.