Reload information can be found here: http://data.hodgdon.com/cartridge_load.asp Remember to use brands and sizes of components exactly as listed, working up your powder charge slowly so that each specific firearm is tuned to it's "happy" load. NEVER exceed the maximum charge listed, your life and the firearm are in jeopardy if you do!
No.
Yes, you need to use large rifle magnum primers.
No. They are the wrong diameter, 45 you need large pistol/large rifle sized primer diameter. Also rifle primers are thicker and require a heavier primer strike that some pistols can not deliver. My Springfield XDM only intermittently can set off a small rifle primer when used to load 9mm.
NEVER DEVIATE FROM PUBLISHED LOADING DATA!!!!!!!!!!!!! Do not use any component not listed in an accepted loading reference.
Rifle primers are usually made of harder metal, and may not fire from the lighter strike of a handgun firing pin. More importantly, the height of a rifle primer is usually greater than a pistol primer- you may end up with a "high" primer that can bind the action, OR cause a premature firing. In general, not a good idea. There has been a primer shortage due to panic buying, but the shelves are getting restocked. You should see pistol primers again pretty soon. you would need the large pistol primers.............
The SP and SR primers are same size, but with different cup thickness/hardness and different amount/brisance of priming compound. You will need to be vigilant in working up loads. You can use small rifle primers in place of small pistol, just not the reverse.
Never change components unless a proven manufacturer who publishes reloading data has tested it.
Rifle primers are generally not reccommended for muzzle loading firearms- the flame is not large enough to reliably ignite black powder or Pyrodex. There are nipples that use a #209 shotgun primer, and even then, it is reccommended that you use a primer intended for black powder. Check with Dixie Gun works for a nipple that will fit your rifle.
You can use the Equus 3030 Innova Diagnostic Code Reader to read the codes on an innova 3030.
Large caliber rifle.
Depends on the round.
Never change components when reloading.