Women wear menstrual pads during menstruation, the purpose of these is to collect menstrual flow as it leaves the body in order to prevent it getting onto clothing. Some women will use pads before their period starts to be ready, and even when using tampons they still have to alternate with pads.
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No they do not.
No reason why not ! You can use either pads or tampons to absorb the menstrual flow.
No, you don't have to wear a pantiliner - pantiliners are designed for light menstrual flow, but some women will go without protection when flow is this light, use period underwear, sanitary pads, softcups, or menstrual cups.
Menstrual pads simply go into the crotch of your underwear to catch menstrual flow as it leaves your vagina. You position the pad in the bottom of your underwear, and they are kept in place either by glue on the back of the pad when you remove the backing or cloth pads are held in place by snap fastens on the wings of the pad that wrap around the underwear.
No, you don't have to wear tampons during your period. Most women start-off using pads, also if you use tampons or sponges you have to use pads as it's not safe to use tampons or sponges overnight, with light flow or throughout your entire period. You can use menstrual cups or softcups which don't require you to use pads at all, or there are options such as menstrual release that require nothing.
No, not all girls have to wear tampons and in fact there's little reason to use tampons when there are other options like pads or menstrual cups available. Girls often use tampons because they prefer them to pads and may not know that options like cups exist and can be much better than tampons. Some people cannot use menstrual cups so will use tampons when they need internal menstrual products.
I don't know what Miley Cyrus uses for her periods - pads, tampons (and pads), menstrual cups, softcups, free-flow, menstrual release, etc. Whatever she uses on her period is up to her and no one's business but hers. Given as homelessness is a cause she supports, I'm guessing that she'd prefer you to care less about her menstrual options and consider helping provide options for homeless women.
Your female friend may not wear pads because they may not menstruate - maybe they've not reached menarche, they use hormonal treatments to prevent menstruation, they have health issues that has shut down their menstrual cycles, or they may have gone through menopause. They may not use pads because they may use other menstrual products such as menstrual cups or softcups.
Yes, there is nothing you can't do during your period. If you normally wear menstrual pads you may want to consider cloth pads which are more comfortable and don't make you sweat like commercial pads, or underwear with pads built-in which will move with you as you run. Options like menstrual cups or softcups are best when active as they are internal but safer than tampons so can be worn for 12 hours with any flow, they don't increase cramps like tampons can and menstrual cups don't leak like other options.
Yes you can wear them, but it might be uncomfortable if you go into the water. Maybe make sure you have an extra one to change into as soon as youu get off. And a pair of shorts would help aswell!