Approx. 10-14 days after the first day of your period for a woman who has roughly a 28 day cycle. For your own cycle type 'ovulation calculator' into Google and tons of online calculators can tell you for free when you are ovulating. It is a good idea to start having sex before you ovulate as well to increase chances of conception.
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WOMEN GET PREGNANT DURING OVULATION. WHICH FOR A WOMAN WITH A REGULAR 28 DAY CYCLE, THAT TIME IS 14 DAYS BEFORE AND 14 DAYS AFTER THE FIRST DAY OF HER PERIOD. MANY WOMEN DO NOT OVULATE THEN THOUGH. SOME WOMEN CAN OVULATE 7 DAYS OR EVEN 21 DAYS INTO THEIR PERIOD.
We'll work this answer a little backwards. After an ovum(egg) is released from the ovary the follicle (ovulation), from where the ovum came from becomes the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum has a lifespan of 14 days. After which menstrual flow occurs. Ideal timing of intercourse (the time of ovulation) is therefore 14 days before the first day of the menstrual period. In a normal 28 day cycle that is also on day 14 of the cycle. For women with longer cycles we have to count backwards 14 days before onset of menses. (Day 1 of the cycle is the first day of bleeding).
Again, the best time for intercourse is the day of ovulation (maybe just a little before to give the sperm a head start). However the ovum can live for 24-48 hours, sperm can live 24 hours. Do the math and you can see how much play (no pun intended) there is on both sides of the ideal time.
(More explanation below)
The corpus luteum produces progesterone to induce the lining of the uterus to be receptive to a fertilized egg. The fertilized egg eventually makes enough HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) to maintain the corpus luteum to continue making progesterone to maintain the the endometrium so as to not slough off (menstuation) so the fertilized egg has a place to stay and grow into a fetus. Problems happen when the corpus luteum does not live long enough to support the endometrium (lining of the uterus). That's when doctors give a little progesterone to help it along.
The best time to get the pregnancy is 14 days before the expected date of your periods. So if you have the cycle of 28 days, you are most likely to get pregnancy on day 14. If you have the cycle of 30 days, the best period to get the pregnancy on day 16. That means you need to have the sexual intercourse on that particular day. One day before or after does not make much the difference.
Around and during the time she is ovulating. To learn how to chart ovulation see related link.