In the water. You'll need a Super Rod. Just toss it into any body of water, and it may take a few tries, but eventually you'll fish a Chinchou up.
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You can catch it on a really advanced route on the pokewlaker but it is very hard to find.
super rod route path to cinnnabar
You can't catch vulpix in Heart Gold, though you can catch it in Soul Silver. On the small route 37, Below Ecruteak City, you can find: ~Heart Gold = growlithe ~Soul Silver = vulpix (they both evolve using a fire stone)
In Pokémon Gold, you can catch Gligar in Route 45.
Tropius is available through the pokewalker, Big Forest Route which is unlocked after 40000 watts have been collected.