Yes, Sangan has a Mandatory Trigger (so never misses the timing), and a tribute is a form of Send.
If you tribute it for a tribute summon, Sangan will activate when the summon is successful, or if the summon is negated, after the resolution of the negation card.
If you tribute it for a card effect such as Enemy Controller, then allow the chain to resolve. Sangan will start a new chain as chain link 1.
What's in italics is answering your question. The rest is just other helpful information. Answer from yugioh-card.com: If Ultimate Offering is face-up, you can activate its effect multiple times in the same chain.When you activate Ultimate Offering's effect, you pay the 500 Life Points as a cost at activation, and then the Summon occurs at resolution of Ultimate Offering's effect in that chain. This means that it is possible to Summon a monster in the middle of a chain with Ultimate Offering's effect.If you are using Ultimate Offering's effect to perform a Tribute Summon, you Tribute the monster when Ultimate Offering's effect RESOLVES and you perform the Tribute Summon, NOT when you activate Ultimate Offering's effect and pay the 500 Life Points.If your opponent activates a Trap Card, you can chain the effect of your face-up Ultimate Offering to the Trap Card to Tribute Summon Jinzo (if you had a monster on the field to Tribute) and negate the Trap Card's effect.You cannot flip Ultimate Offering face-up AND use its effect in the same chain; you must have Ultimate Offering face-up on the field before the current chain began.If you activate Ultimate Offering's effect to Summon, and your opponent chains Mystical Space Typhoon to destroy Ultimate Offering, the Summon does not resolve because Ultimate Offering is a Continuous Trap Card and is no longer on the field.You can activate the effect of a face-up "Ultimate Offering" during your Main Phase even if you have not done a Normal Summon yet this turn.
Yes. Because Kaiser Sea Horse allows you to use it for 2 tributes for a Light monster and Gilford the Lightning is Light, you can tribute Kaiser Sea Horse plus one more monster to Tribute Summon Gilford the Lightning.
No. The material monsters are no longer considered 'on the field' and none of their effects are active.Because they are not considered to be on the field, effects that specifically trigger when they go from field to graveyard will not activate either. For example if a Sangan is an XYZ material, it will not trigger its monster search effect when it goes to the graveyard.However if the monster does not say it has to come from the field, such as Dandylion, then these effects will trigger when they go to the graveyard.
No, you do not 'tribute' the Synchro Material for a Synchro Summon. They are sent to the graveyard, not tributed. You can tribute an opponents synchro monster for "Assault Mode Activate!" to summon the assault mode monster from your deck.
Yes, the monster obtained by the effect of Creature Swapcan be tributed.
What's in italics is answering your question. The rest is just other helpful information. Answer from yugioh-card.com: If Ultimate Offering is face-up, you can activate its effect multiple times in the same chain.When you activate Ultimate Offering's effect, you pay the 500 Life Points as a cost at activation, and then the Summon occurs at resolution of Ultimate Offering's effect in that chain. This means that it is possible to Summon a monster in the middle of a chain with Ultimate Offering's effect.If you are using Ultimate Offering's effect to perform a Tribute Summon, you Tribute the monster when Ultimate Offering's effect RESOLVES and you perform the Tribute Summon, NOT when you activate Ultimate Offering's effect and pay the 500 Life Points.If your opponent activates a Trap Card, you can chain the effect of your face-up Ultimate Offering to the Trap Card to Tribute Summon Jinzo (if you had a monster on the field to Tribute) and negate the Trap Card's effect.You cannot flip Ultimate Offering face-up AND use its effect in the same chain; you must have Ultimate Offering face-up on the field before the current chain began.If you activate Ultimate Offering's effect to Summon, and your opponent chains Mystical Space Typhoon to destroy Ultimate Offering, the Summon does not resolve because Ultimate Offering is a Continuous Trap Card and is no longer on the field.You can activate the effect of a face-up "Ultimate Offering" during your Main Phase even if you have not done a Normal Summon yet this turn.
Yes. Because Kaiser Sea Horse allows you to use it for 2 tributes for a Light monster and Gilford the Lightning is Light, you can tribute Kaiser Sea Horse plus one more monster to Tribute Summon Gilford the Lightning.
Yes. Soul Exchange requires you to use it as a Tribute at the first opportunity.
yes
That'd be a misplay - you need to keep in mind player Priority. When the Monarch is summoned, the turn player still has Priority. He can use this for an Ignition Effect, or Quick Effect, or just pass Priority for the opponent to respond. Also, anything that triggers from the summon will activate first. So when the Monarch is successfully summoned, the turn player has to pass Priority in one way or another before the opponent can do anything. In the case of Caius for example, Caius' mandatory effect will automatically become chain link 1 and pass Priority. For Mobius, his effect will be chain link 1 if the turn player wants to activate it, otherwise he retains Priority as above, or simply chooses to pass it. The opponent will then chain Torrential Tribute to this. Even though Torrential Tribute resolves and destroys the monarch first, his effect is still on the chain and will resolve as normal - assuming the target is still on the field, of course. One last word on the scenario with Mobius - if the turn player chooses not to activate him, and the opponent does respond with Torrential Tribute, then the turn player has missed the chance to activate him. But to be clear, his turn player Priority gives him the choice to choose whether or not to use him, before the opponent gets chance to respond.
No, it requires a Tribute. Unless stated otherwise, like on cards such as Soul Exchange, a tribute must be something you control. You cannot tribute an opponent's monster as a cost for your own effects or summons.
Sheep Tokens created by Scapegoat cannot be used as tributes for Tribute Summons. They can be tributed to activate effects like Enemy Controller, or for the Special Summon of monsters like D-Hero Plasma, as this is not a 'tribute summon'.
No. Giving up your attack for the turn is his condition to use the effect. Once you attack, you can't activate the effect.
No. The material monsters are no longer considered 'on the field' and none of their effects are active.Because they are not considered to be on the field, effects that specifically trigger when they go from field to graveyard will not activate either. For example if a Sangan is an XYZ material, it will not trigger its monster search effect when it goes to the graveyard.However if the monster does not say it has to come from the field, such as Dandylion, then these effects will trigger when they go to the graveyard.
No, you do not 'tribute' the Synchro Material for a Synchro Summon. They are sent to the graveyard, not tributed. You can tribute an opponents synchro monster for "Assault Mode Activate!" to summon the assault mode monster from your deck.
You can activate its destruction effect in your main phases, and can activate it as many times as there are valid targets for it, and you can keep paying the cost.
No, the effect to increase his attack points is an optional trigger triggered by his summon. So once he's successfully summoned, you have to activate that effect immediately, or you miss your chance to use it. So if you choose not to use it then, or activate his ignition effect instead, then you've missed your chance to use the attack gaining trigger.