Summon Limit restricts the number of times you can Special Summon. Scapegoat summons all 4 tokens at once, so it's a one-time summoning, so your opponent can still summon one more time for that turn.
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No. The three God Cards are normal summoned by Tribute Summon, tributing three monsters. Sheep Tokens cannot be used for a Tribute Summon.
If a face down monster is attacked, then it is flipped for damage calculation, if you flip summon, you do it by choice during your turn. Flip counts for both. For Flip cards like penguin soldier, if it is face down and your opponent attacks it, the effect is activated. For Flip Summon cards like swarm of scarabs, if it is face down and your opponent attacks it, the effect is NOT activated. Both types are activated if you flip summon it. (Also flip activates after damage calculation if you are attacked, so if penguin soldier would be destroyed by the attack, he can't return himself to your hand because he is already destroyed)
No. The "Scapegoat" card states that the tokens cannot be used for a tribute summon and there is no getting around that. Besides, "Non-Spellcasting Area" only states that monsters would be immune to Spells; nothing to do with Tribute Summoning. (Just an extra note, if the "Sheep Tokens" are Tributed for something other than a Tribute Summon, that's okay.)
Yes. If you have Ultimate Offering, you can use the effect during the opponent's battle phase. You can use it to do two Normal Summons, yes, you can perform a tribute summon if you wish.
Basically, when you special summon a monster with 1500 or less ATK with cards like marauding captain, call of the haunted, or monster reborn, you can activate this card when your opponent has a face-up monster to special summon all copies of that monster. Your opponent can special summon all copies of his monster too, but that's a rare chance IMO.