It was coded in Java but also uses opengl.
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Minecraft was coded using JAVA.
No, since Minecraft was coded by Java, you can not use Adobe Flash Player. Sorry... Sources: I program Java, I work with Minecraft mods.
Yes, you will need Java. I recommend installing the latest version of Java, JRE7, which I have provided a download link to it on Oracle's site just on the development of JRE7, it will highly increase Minecraft's performance. Also, Minecraft is coded in the Java language. It must be read with a Java program, and in your task manager, Minecraft is "javaw.exe" so a big yes!
It is primarily made in Java but also uses OpenGl.
In the current release, while you can access Sponge in creative mode, it is not coded to do anything, or rather the earlier code it used to have, has been removed.