If your x and z coordinates are both multiples of 16, you are standing on the corner of a chunk.
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If you press f3, the y: is the height or what is referred to as a level or layer. You can find gold from levels 2 - 29. There are about 8 gold blocks per chunk. A chunk consists of a 16 x 16 from 0 - 256 height of the world. You can also find what chunk you're in by pressing f3, and x and z will have (c) at the end. This is the chunk.
It appears from levels 2 - 29, with an average of 7.5 gold ore per chunk!
It is anywhere the is smooth stone, even on the serface, like on a cliff, or a chunk loading error.
Probably a HUGE chunk of lava. Or glitch.
You can find it below layer 64 (sea level), it is approx. 0.72% of all stone from layer 2 to 61, you can find approximately 77 iron per chunk. They are a very common ore.