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Elrond was able to tell the company the lineage of each sword and what their purpose was. He was also able to read the runes on the map, even the moon-letters. This gave the company the clue of how they were to get into the mountain.

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12y ago
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10y ago

The swords themselves didn't necessarily have the names written on them. Elrond was VERY old and it's possible that he had seen the swords in his youth during the first age.

That said, named swords were rare (not that Bilbo's sword did was not named), and anyone with the craft would have known a named sword by the runes on it. Tolkien didn't discuss what the writing ON the swords said specifically.

The sword Gandalf carried was Glamdring, the "Foe Hammer" and is described in the book as being the sword that the king of Gondolin once wore. That king was Turgon, and it's never described how or why he lost the sword, or how it escaped the fall of Beleriand.

Thorin's sword was Orcrist, the "Goblin Cleaver" and was also carried by Elven royalty, though it isn't exactly clear who.

Bilbo's sword was NOT named. It was likely a foot soldiers short sword, used in close combat, if ever used at all. There was no inscription on the blade, but you'll notice in the Lord of the Rings, there is one. It can be assumed that Bilbo had the Elves of Rivendell add the inscription when he named the sword.

All of the swords were forged in Gondolin during the First Age and would have seen battle then, but likely no other time until they were found by Thorin and COmpany. They were probably carried into Eriador by Scatha the Worm as part of a treasure hoard after the sacking of Gondolin.

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Q: Why was it so important that Elrond could read the runes on the map and the swords of the trolls in 'The Hobbit'?
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