cleft
That is called an acciaccatura (a-ch-ca-chur-ra)
well it is kind of complicated but it is called a sixteenth note
It is called word painting. An example could be when singing the word "Up," the word would be sung in a high note compared to "Down," in a lower note
An enharmonic note is a note that has two names but have the same fingering
A note that has different names but sounds the same is called an enharmonic note. For example, G# and Ab are enharmonic notes because they are played at the same pitch on a musical instrument, even though they are named differently.
the repeat note is called the repeat sign
If they are NOT connected, then I think they are called "Voices", or voce (voh-chay).
cleft
It's called enharmonic spelling. An example is C-sharp and D-flat.
Treble Clef
You can play more than one note at a time to make one different note.
The first note of a scale can go by many names. In solfeggio, it is "do;" in music theory it is usually the tonic or the root, but sometimes just "first." And of course every particular scale has its own particular note name for the first note.
A,b,c,d,e,f,g
sustain. notation is a fermata.
A 64th note in music is called a Hemidemisemi Quaver.
The first note of any musical scale is called the 'tonic.' http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic_(music) If that's not the answer you are looking for, then it's probably because you did not say WHAT musical scale you are asking about.