While there were earlier cartridges, such as the Volcanic Repeating Pistol, the earliest centerfire that would look like present day centerfires dates from about 1870-1873.
To some extent. Air pistols (considered firearms under Irish law) and small bore (rimfire) pistols can be licensed. However, for a centerfire pistol to have been licensed, this had to have been done prior to 17 November 1998. Any centerfire pistol not licensed by that date cannot be licensed.
Germany
It is a bottlenecked centerfire automatic pistol cartridge. The original Luger pistol was chambered in this caliber, and later in the 9mm Parabellum catridge. The link below will take you to a short article on the cartridge and a photo.
@1893
1905
An autoloading centerfire rifle made from 1960-1980
The first auto-loading handgun ever made was the Laumann pistol.
Lever Action Magazine Pistol
S&w
almost impossible to answer without a detailed description. Pistol? Revolver? Rifle? Shotgun? Rimfire? Centerfire? Caliber? Gauge?
You will have to define what "large caliber" means to you and weather the pistol is a revolver, singleshot, blackpowder, rifmfire, centerfire, pinfire, semi-automatic.
Centerfire