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Alfred Nobel invented dynamite.
Bert the Turtle appeared in filmstrips featuring a cheery little jingle called "Duck and Cover". The films suggested that it was possible to survive an atomic bomb simply by, well, ducking and covering the back of your neck with your head. This would do approximately nothing for people close to the blast, but they likely wouldn't have time to do it anyway, and against conventional explosives or at some distance from a nuclear blast, it would help mitigate the immediate effects.
Yes, atom bomb and nuke are commonly used terms to refer to nuclear weapons that release destructive energy by splitting atoms in a process called nuclear fission. In general, "nuke" is a more colloquial term while "atom bomb" is more formal.
A hydrogen bomb is more destructive than an atom bomb. A hydrogen bomb releases much more explosive energy through nuclear fusion reactions, whereas an atom bomb relies on nuclear fission reactions. As a result, a hydrogen bomb can produce a significantly larger explosion and more widespread damage.
No, "atom bomb" and "atomic bomb" refer to the same type of explosive device that derives its destructive power from nuclear fission reactions. Both terms are used interchangeably to describe the same technology.