That would make a very large book, and not a WikiAnswer. The smallest cartridge I know of is a 2mm, about .08 caliber. The largest rifle is probably the .895 JD Jones. There was a 4 guage shotgun intended as a shoulder arm. Between the smallest and the largest are literally thousands of different cartridges.
The size of the projectile.
A very general range is .17 to .50. There are over 2000 different cartridges (and calibers) for different firearms. Among the smallest cartridges is the 2.7mm Kolibri centerfire pistol cartridge (about .09 caliber)- among the largest, 2 bore paradox (about 1.800 caliber)
yes
The Puckle Gun had a bore of 1.25 inches, or 32 millimetres.
The TIGHTEST choke (which is smallest) is the Extra Full. The largest (no choke at all) is known as a cylinder bore.
It has been made in several calibers, but the original was .45 ACP
A small pen gun and cigarette box gun were the smallest guns used by spies and Underground Resistance warriors.
2.34mm
Did you want to know what calibers were used in machine guns or perhaps what cartridges are for machine guns only.
This was made in 3 calibers- 9mm Parabellum, 10mm Auto, and .40 S&W.
The question is a little difficult to answer as asked. MANY guns are centerfire. There are a number of calibers available that are rimfire, but the most common currently is a .22 or .17 family of cartridges. Almost all current larger calibers are centerfire.
The largest gun was the 18 inch guns on the Japanese battleship[p yamato.