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"caliber" as used in the firearms world can either mean just the bullet diameter, or the inside measure of bore diameter, expressed as a decimal fraction of an inch.
And "caliber" can also mean the complete name of a specific cartridge, which might be quite different from some other one using the same caliber bullets.
Examples: The caliber ".357 magnum" uses .357" (or 357/1000 inch) bullets.
The caliber ".308 Winchester" uses .308" bullets.
But the caliber ".30-06 Springfield" ALSO uses those same .308 bullets. But it's a different "caliber" because it's not the same cartridge. The .30-06 has a much longer case that holds more gunpowder.
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