Of course. Newtons law says for every action, there is an opposite but equal reaction. The bullet goes forward, the gun goes back.
Only when fired. Yes, they have a significant amount of recoil (kick)
It depends on the comparative charges of the ammunition. A rifle can have more recoil than a shotgun.
No, .30-30s do not have a lot of kick, however, recoil (kick) being "bad" or not is largely a personal issue. For some folks, even the diminutive .223 has a lot of recoil, while others have no problem with the recoil from a .378. It also depends on the design of the rifle.
A mule kicks, a rifle recoils. Recoil perception differs among people. It is generally considered mild.
Yes, but without preparation it may not be a good idea. Vise must be padded to prevent harming the rifle, and enough recoil can break the rifle, or kick it out of the vise.
Pressed snugly against the shoulder, rifle will push you. Held loosely, rifle will pick upp speed before hitting your shoulder, and kick you painfully.
It might, given the right circumstances.
Very little. Very small, light bullet.
Fired from a rifle, there is almost no "kick" or recoil. Generally considered the least recoil of any widely manufactured firearm. My Granddaughter began shooting a .22 rifle with me at the age of 10. She has been shooting for the past 4 years, and competes at 25, 50, and 100 yards. No complaints about recoil.
A heavy rifle does not kick as strongly as a light rifle because its greater mass helps absorb and dissipate the recoil energy generated when a round is fired. The increased weight reduces the acceleration experienced by the shooter, leading to a softer perceived recoil. Additionally, the heavier rifle's design often allows for better stabilization during firing, further mitigating the effects of recoil compared to a lighter rifle using the same cartridges.
ALL other things being equal (caliber, type of action, etc) a lighter rifle will have more recoil (kick) than a heavier one. It is a matter of action and reaction. I have a heavy (11 lbs) benchrest target rifle in .308- it is a pleasure to shoot. I have another .308- a lightweight hunting rifle (6lbs). With the same cartridge, it will put tears in your eyes!
Almost none. You can feel it when you fire, but it is more of a gentle push than a kick.