Only when fired. Yes, they have a significant amount of recoil (kick)
It depends on the comparative charges of the ammunition. A rifle can have more recoil than a shotgun.
No, .30-30s do not have a lot of kick, however, recoil (kick) being "bad" or not is largely a personal issue. For some folks, even the diminutive .223 has a lot of recoil, while others have no problem with the recoil from a .378. It also depends on the design of the rifle.
A mule kicks, a rifle recoils. Recoil perception differs among people. It is generally considered mild.
Yes, but without preparation it may not be a good idea. Vise must be padded to prevent harming the rifle, and enough recoil can break the rifle, or kick it out of the vise.
It might, given the right circumstances.
Very little. Very small, light bullet.
Pressed snugly against the shoulder, rifle will push you. Held loosely, rifle will pick upp speed before hitting your shoulder, and kick you painfully.
Fired from a rifle, there is almost no "kick" or recoil. Generally considered the least recoil of any widely manufactured firearm. My Granddaughter began shooting a .22 rifle with me at the age of 10. She has been shooting for the past 4 years, and competes at 25, 50, and 100 yards. No complaints about recoil.
ALL other things being equal (caliber, type of action, etc) a lighter rifle will have more recoil (kick) than a heavier one. It is a matter of action and reaction. I have a heavy (11 lbs) benchrest target rifle in .308- it is a pleasure to shoot. I have another .308- a lightweight hunting rifle (6lbs). With the same cartridge, it will put tears in your eyes!
Almost none. You can feel it when you fire, but it is more of a gentle push than a kick.
The "kick" of a rifle- properly called recoil- is an example of REACTION- to the ACTION of the bullet being fired. "For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction." The bullet going one way results in the gun being pushed the other way.