No.
Yes
It depends on the power of the air rifle, Local laws and the location where you live.
It all depends on the rifle, pellet and power source.
Depends on the rifle. Accurately? About 50 yards max.
yes
yes, if you are in space at the time and have an air rifle, you shoot it out the window, you die because of the vacuum, but it is successful. you killed yourself but got a BB pellet into space. WEAR a helmet next time.
Yes. Unless it is different laws in other states or countries. NY you can
Not anywhere in the US that I am aware of. Do understand that an air rifle, from a certain distance, looks like any other rifle so don't point it at cops or they will shoot you.
You can go to a range where they teach you how to shoot or you could buy and Air rifle and pellets and see how you get on with it as Air Rifles are not overly expensive. After a few years of practicing at a range or with your own Air Rifle you can become a Crack shot.
It depends on the Country where you live. However most locations have seasons for hunting Doves and will require a license to shoot them.
No. It's not designed to shoot them.