Meridians of longitude are half-circles. All of them have the same length.
Circles of latitude have zero length at the poles, and are longest at the equator.
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The latitude with the lowest number is zero ... the latitude of the equator.
The parallel of latitude with the shortest length would be the smallest circle you can
draw around the north or south pole. The latitude at the pole is 90 degrees. Every
circle around the pole is a parallel of latitude. The bigger the circle, the lower the
latitude, until you get to the biggest circle ... the equator ... which is the lowest
latitude ... zero.
So in reality, there's no such thing as the smallest one, because whatever circle you
draw around the pole, no matter how small it is, I can always come along and draw
a smaller circle inside yours.
The Equator at 0 degrees latitude is considered the smallest latitude because it is a reference line that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
The smallest unit of latitude and longitude is one minute, which is further divided into seconds. One minute of latitude is approximately equal to one nautical mile. One minute of longitude varies in distance based on the latitude but is also approximately one nautical mile at the equator.
The equator is the 'zero' of latitude, so the smaller the latitude number is, the closer it is to the equator. There's no such thing as the 'closest' or smallest. You can name any latitude you want to, and no matter how small it is, I can always name a smaller one.
You will never see the Southern Cross constellation from 40 degrees N latitude because it is located in the southern hemisphere and cannot be seen from that far north.
A polar projection is a map viewing either the North Pole or the South Pole from above. Each latitude line forms a circle that is centered at the pole. The latitude lines closest to the pole are the smallest, and the ones farther away are the largest.
The equator is the imaginary line that circles the Earth at its widest circumference, which is within a plane perpendicular to the planes of its axis, and is established as 0 degrees latitude.(The smallest, or polar, circumference may be defined by any great circle that passes through both poles.)