They are called lenticles which help with gas exchange for the plant.
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The small bumps of parenchyma tissue on the internode are called lenticels. Lenticels are tiny pores or raised areas that allow for gas exchange in woody stems, helping with respiration in the plant.
Ribosomes.
nodules
They are called villi.
The bumps on your tongue are called papillae. They contain your taste buds and help you distinguish different tastes. The bumps also help you manipulate food while you chew.
That depends on the disease, but often the tissue will look discolored, sometimes with a reddish or even greenish tint, or brown, or black. It could be swollen, hot to the touch, or look different in some other way from the surrounding tissue (strange bumps or dents or looks like something is eating away at it.