Simply put, a professional orchestra is one in which the musicians make their living primarily as orchestra musicians. A semiprofessional orchestra usually has a core of professional musicians, as well as players who, while of professional (or near-professional calibre, make their living primarily outside of performing. This can include students, talented community members who make their living outside of music, and musicians who make their primary living outside of performing. Musicians in a semiprofessional orchestra are generally paid, but there are usually several pay levels dependent upon the player's status. For instance, there may be principals (section leaders), section players (full-time), section players (part-time), and section players (student). Semiprofessional orchestras also tend to engage musicians who play unusual instruments on a per-call (casual) basis.
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Essentially there is no difference between a philharmonic orchestra and a symphony orchestra. Both are made up of the same types of instruments and are capable of playing the same music. A philharmonic orchestra is normally composed of a choir or choral society that it accompanies whereas a symphony orchestra is not. There is or there use to be a difference. The Philharmonic Orchestra was also called " The Musical Republic" the musician elected their Conductor, the economics, the character of their orchestra, share revenues. The Symphonic Orchestra was mainly musicians employed by a State, University, etc. Today I do not know if this difference still prevails.
Intruments have gone trough several changes during that time being. The orchestra now has the classical guitar in some movements.
If you count both Violin parts (Violin I & II), there were between 16 violinists in the early Classical orchestra and up to 30 in the present day. Any number between those two extremes could be in a professional orchestra.
The violin is the highest instrument in a string orchestra. The violins are divided into two sections (1st violins and 2nd violins), the 1st violins usually play the tune and play higher than the 2nd violins. However, the piccolo is the highest instrument in a full orchestra. The difference between a string orchestra and a full orchestra is that the string orchestra has only stringed instruments while a full orchestra has strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion.
The best players in a county get into the "All County" orchestra. But there are many counties in a state, hence a much bigger talent pool. So in theory, the All State orchestra will be overall better players. To put it another way: To get into All County, you have to be good. To get in to all state, you have to be really good.