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The main limitation of the von Neumann architecture is known as the "von Neumann bottleneck". This is due to the fact that all instructions and all data must pass through the same shared common multiplexed bus to get in or out of the processor, sooner or later things have to wait for other things to get access to this multiplexed bus and the processor gets starved for instructions and/or data. The result is the processor is unable to maintain its designed performance but waits idle instead of doing work.

There is no complete solution to the "von Neumann bottleneck" with the von Neumann architecture, but many things have been tried over the years. The most effective one so far has been the use of independent instruction and data L1 caches. This at least allows blocks of frequently needed instructions and data to be held in 2 separate very high speed memories and made available to the processor on 2 independent busses, so that instructions won't have to wait for data and data won't have to wait for instructions. But even with this, the bottleneck still occurs on the main bus when less frequently needed instructions and/or data must be accessed.

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βˆ™ 13y ago
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βˆ™ 12y ago

Regarding Disadvantages if we want to specify it is very less compared to the advantages.

The processor takes more time to execute as it has to decide between the data and instruction as both are stored in same memory and also we have to have two types of memory access first to access data and next for instruction or vice versa.

The above reason may also lead to system crash as there may be a confusion between data and instruction.

Advantages:

Most of the modern disk based operating system are based on Von Neumann architecture which has made handling computers and working out computation easier.

It also reduces the hardware requirements of the System as such by reducing the no of buses required to read the data and instruction separately from two different memory

we can also change the program(Instruction) more easily with a single I/O peripheral which also increases a system's robustness.

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Q: What are the disadvantages of von neumann architecture?
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