Viruses often create toxins which cause symptoms. Even in the absence of toxins, the immune system in the body flares up to fight the invaders, and that causes a lot of the symptoms. One particularly nasty thing that viruses do is to take over healthy cells. They enter the cells and reprogram the DNA to produce more virus cells.
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Our body has to change itself in order to more effectively fight a virus as part of our immune response, this is the cause of most unpleasant symptoms, ie fever, dizziness, congestion, tiredness, and swelling.
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Many bacteria live in your body, and most of them do not make you sick.
The ones that do make you sick do so because of the fact that they use your body's resources to live and reproduce, and also because their waste products are toxic.
Similarly with viruses - viruses reproduce by invading and reprogramming your body's cells to make more viruses. This harms your body because it destroys its cells.
A virus is a type of pathogen, but not a regular cell. its what is known as a prokaryote. That is a cell with no organelles that have to be replicated when it is growing. the bacteria attacks the white blood cells causing you to feel tired and drained. that's why colds don't go away in a few hours, they reproduce so quickly that within minutes you probably have hundreds in your body, causing your white blood cells to work harder
Once the bacteria or virus is inside your body it will reproduce quickly. Bacteria produce toxins. Some can directly damage your cells. Viruses kill the cell as they reproduce.
It is because of our body's white blood cells battling and trying to rid your blood stream of the virus.