You'll have to find a stronghold. They're randomly in blocks.
Edit for updated game versions: They can now be randomly found in Extreme Hills biomes as well.
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Increases damage to spiders, cave spiders, silverfish and endermites.
bane of arthropods does extra damage to spiders, cave spiders, and silverfish
Yes. If the silverfish is touching you, and either it or you change Y-coordinates, it does 1 point of damage. Of course, a swarm is more likely to cause a lot of damage than a lone silverfish.
Get single player commands then type in spawn silver fish. Make sure it's not on peaceful.
It doesn't. Have you seen how to survive your first night? Have you encountered Herobrine? Have you fought the Enderdragon? Have you battled blazes and ghasts in the Nether? Have you mined in the deepest darkest caves? Have you fought swarms of silverfish away in strongholds? No? Then you haven't played Minecraft to it's full potential.