go on minecraftwiki.net and there is a whole page on it and it also helps you translate the code.
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Try out "Planet Minecraft" there's millions of skins available. All of which have different heads.
All I know is that they are letters, on the wiki there is what shapes are what letters, but those words don't tell you what types of enchantments you are going to get. Say you put a helmet in, and click level 30, you might get Aqua Affinity I but the transalated words won't tell you that.
Yes it will break eventually. It does wear out but takes the longest of all the other kinds to finally break.
Yes, as long as they all have java installed, they can all download minecraft as a .jar file no matter what OS.