No, there is a medieval language in the options. However, there is 'Pirate Speak' which sort of sounds medieval.
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Options > Open to LAN
go to options, and force update. this will restore your minecraft jar and make it run again.
Minecraft should update automatically, but if you have the launcher, on the login screen you can press options, then force update.
When in-game, press escape.
It is primarily made in Java but also uses OpenGl.