Well I don't really know how goku got exposed but Trunks (A boy from the future) warns goku about the virus so Trunks gives Goku medicine wich goku uses in the middle of his virus. Goku, while fighting android 19, starts enduring the symptoms of the virus wich weekens Goku and gives 19 an oppurtunity to end Goku if it wasn't for Vegeta.
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Yes, Goku in Future Trunks' timeline had died of the heart virus that ravaged him.
Yes. In DBZ episode "Our Hero Awakes" he makes a full recovery.
at first no, but Trunks comes back in time from the future to give Goku the antidote
When goku was back in his kid body he had his tail back, he was exposed to the moon and turned into a great ape. When Pan saw this she started crying, and goku saw this and the ape form calmed down and turned back to normal resulting in SSJ4
normal goku.