Check the Minecraft Wiki. It has information there.
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To make a private server, you will need to go to your server.properties file and change it to whitelist true.
No but they can make you an op. Would you like to join my server? If you do visit these websites minecraft-cliffside-server.webs.com, cliffside-forums.webs.com
You can't. Servers are run on a computer with a special program. You can make your own server though!
Why would you make a minecraft server to play on it urself? It wastes RAM and time.
It does not cost anything to get a minecraft server. You simply download the Minecraft_server.exe from the minecraft website download page. Then, you run it to make your own server.