No.
Yes, by trading.
Nope! Not at all sorry. Out the first 151 kanto pokemon, there are four that need to be traded in order to evolve. They are: Graveler -> Golem Machoke -> Machamp Kadabra -> Alakazam Haunter -> Gengar
yes
You can't TECHNICALLY catch Golem ever. The way you get a Golem is by trading a Graveler to another game. The Graveler will evolve from being traded. Hope this helps! :) Graveler is the evolved form of Geodude, so yea.
You have to trade Graveler to someone for it to evolve into a Golem.