This is only really addressed in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire during the second Triwizard task. When Harry is underwater his spell that normally creates a spark comes out as a "jet of boiling water". But I'm sure different spells would look different.
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Pretty much the same as it does on land. Of course there are some spells that are useless underwater, Incendio fo example.
Instead sending sparks like usual spells do, casting them underwater sends a jet of hot water.
luna lovegood uses this spell to fix harry's nose after draco malfoy breaks it. this was in the sixth book.
I never heard the word "patration" in the context of Harry Potter (or otherwise). Check the spelling - perhaps you spelled it wrong.
It was the result of a spell. However, since this didn't occur in the book it is not known what spell was used.
Harry Potter's patronus takes the shape of a stag, the animagus and patronus form of his father. The Patronus spell is used against Dementors but can also be used as a method of communication.
Finite incantatem. It does other stuff too, but that is one of them:) ~PippiQ Pembrooke