Borrowed time is more commonly referred to as rubato. Rubato refers to slight speeding up and slowing down of a musical phrase, normally the performer would accelerate slightly towards the middle of a phrase and slow down a little towards the end of a phrase.
It is most common within classical Romantic music and should be used very sparingly in earlier periods.
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The pattern of a musical beat is commonly called the rhythm of the music.
The musical term for a singing voice that vibrates is vibrato. It is produced by rapidly changing the pitch just slightly.
The musical term for "Soft and Sweet" is Dolce.
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