'tonic' is created from two words which are 'ton' and 'ic'. 'ton' means tension, tone and stretching while 'ic' means pertaining/relating to. Therefore, if combined, 'tonic' means pertaining/relating to either tension, tone or stretching.
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The note that the corresponding scale is based on, basically the key. For example, in an F major scale, or a piece in F major, the tonic is F.
leading tone
leading tone
Tonic
Music of the classical era was distinguished by its simple rhythms, melodies and harmonies, which were essentially tonic-dominant. Classical era music lacked the passion and elaborate instrumentation of the Romantic era, or the complex counterpoint which typified Baroque music.
Raga is not an influence on Indian music. Raga is an important component of the music. In a sense, the music *is* the raga.