It was the fairest of all the treasurers known to the dwarves. It had belonged to his grandfather at one point. By acquiring it, he was reconnecting with his ancestors and would be established as a great leader in the dwarven community.
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The innate greed in dwarves drove him to covet the Arkenstone because it was a massive jewel or extreme brilliance. It was also an heirloom of his line.
alot. it is an heirloom of his family, found in the center of the lonely mountain, hence it's other name- the heart of the mountain.
Thorin vows to kill anyone who withholds the Arkenstone .
He had possession of the Arkenstone.
thorins is much powerfull
Bilbo never intended to keep the Arkenstone. He only took it because he saw the feverish greed that overtook the Dwarves when the saw their long lost treasure. Knowing how badly Thorin coveted the Arkenstone, Bilbo kept it and later used it to bargain for his share of the treasure (which he intended to share with Bard and Thranduil). What it revealed was that deep at heart, Bilbo was a good person and only wanted to do what was right. It was why Gandalf was drawn to him in the first place.
Bard told Thorin that Thorin must give Bard a portion of the treasure to rebuild Esgaroth, or he would be considered the foe of the lake-town.