In the goblin tunnels in the Misty mountains, farther down than even the goblins themselves liked to go. In this deep tunnel lived Gollum, the previous owner of The Ring. Gollum had dropped the ring, and that is how Bilbo came to chance upon it.
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The original hobbit was named Bilbo Baggins. He makes a brief appearance in The Lord of the Rings. The book is titled The Hobbit, or There and Back Again by Bilbo Baggins.
In chapter 5; Riddles in the dark; bilbo finds a ring.
Bilbo told Smaug a riddle to keep him distracted.
The ring gave Gollum longer life. It transformed him physically. Gollum had been a hobbit but he became a creature who ate fish and lived in caves and dark places. It also transformed him mentally so that he could not live without the ring.
Yes, in chapter 9 the dwarves (but not Bilbo) were imprisoned by the Wood-elves in Mirkwood forest.