It was laid out in the letter they left on the mantel. Bilbo was to receive up to one 14th share after expenses, the cost of travel would be defrayed. And any funeral expenses would be paid as well.
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Each and every one of them will get one fourteenth worth of the treasure, including Thorin and Bilbo.
A share in Smaug's treasure and adventure.
Thorin is a dwarf, and they love treasure. They finally get their mountain and then here comes humans tramping along, wanting a share in it. To Thorin and company, they just certainly could not have sticky human fingers all over their precious treasure. What can you say, they're dwarves!
He was thankful towards Bilbo as he had just received the greatest treasure in that can be found in the Lonely Mountain and was now able to try make a deal with Thorin Oakensheild for a share of the treasure to rebuilt lake town.
Goes to the Lonely mountain to collect his share of the treasure for the Town but then Thorin doesn't want to give any of the treasure up ans thus is the beginning of the armies of the five war- for more detail look into chapters 16-19
Thorin was a proud and stubborn dwarf, and like all dwarves was a bit too fond of his gold. The notion of sharing his fathers' hard won treasure with anyone, even the Lake Men, was not to be borne.Basically Thorin is overwhelmed by greed for the wealth of Smaug's hoard. There is far more wealth than he could possibly use, but rather than share it with his neighbours, he wants it all to himself.But although this is at the bottom of his behaviour, there is some sense in his anger. He must feel like a man who has won the lottery, and all of a sudden, everyone is his friend and wants a piece of the winnings. Indeed there can be no doubt that that is exactly why Bard and the Elvenking have come to the mountain, believing Thorin and his companions to be dead. Greed is pretty high in their minds too. Thorin's response to the Elvenking is particularly telling--why should Thorin be nice to a guy who locked him in the dungeons. (Ironically, Thorin was apprehended by the elves for begging)