Why would it? And is this the diode across the windings of the coil that supplies the back EMF (inductive kick) supression? There isn't a good reason for it to fail. A bit more information is needed here.
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Yes it will operate it fine.
A control transformer marked 240V - 24Vac would have a control voltage of 24 volts.
Yes, because you will be able to maintain current flow between phases.
I'm sure this isn't what you want to hear, but you probably need to ask an electrician familiar with your service and what you want to connect. As a general answer, you can connect a 240v line to line resistive load like an electric water heater to any 240v source. If you also need the 240v to have 120v line to neutral, like a 240v electric stove that contains a 120v clock and oven light, then its possible if the 3 phase power is connected in a "high delta" configuration, and you connect to the correct leads. If you have a high delta service and want to ignore the 3-phase power service and wire most or all of the loads in the building as a single phase load, the utility may have to be consulted.
if you are talking about the peak voltage of 240v it is actualy about 340v