Sometimes the bearings go out sometimes they short out and sometimes they overheat and fry. The only thing you can control is overheating, usually caused by overloading from high power stereos
No, it will not.
You cannot predict when an alternator will go bad. It may last 150,000 miles and it may only last 50,000 miles. It may go bad due to a bad bearing or internal short.
The alternator is belt driven and so is the water pump but that is where the correlation ends. There is no way a bad alternator could cause a water pump to go bad unless the alternator pulley was warped. Then there is a small chance.
If bearings go bad they will "squeal"
Yes it could.
A bad alternator will cause a battery to go bad. It does not have an effect on the air conditioner.
You would probably toast the diodes in the alternator.
A bad belt, a bad regulator in the alternator or bad brushes in the alternator.
If bearings go bad on a alternator/ will make a grindind noise or long squilling noise.. but if only electronic's inside alternator are damage no noise wil be heard
You more than likely have a bad connection or damaged the CPS when removing the alternator
It is probably a bad voltage regulator. Sometimes they are located in the alternator and can go bad in a new one. On Ford vehicle the voltage regulator is separate from the alternator.
Internal parts can wear out or burn out.