No, it will not.
You cannot predict when an alternator will go bad. It may last 150,000 miles and it may only last 50,000 miles. It may go bad due to a bad bearing or internal short.
The alternator is belt driven and so is the water pump but that is where the correlation ends. There is no way a bad alternator could cause a water pump to go bad unless the alternator pulley was warped. Then there is a small chance.
If bearings go bad they will "squeal"
Yes it could.
A bad alternator will cause a battery to go bad. It does not have an effect on the air conditioner.
You would probably toast the diodes in the alternator.
A bad belt, a bad regulator in the alternator or bad brushes in the alternator.
If bearings go bad on a alternator/ will make a grindind noise or long squilling noise.. but if only electronic's inside alternator are damage no noise wil be heard
You more than likely have a bad connection or damaged the CPS when removing the alternator
It is probably a bad voltage regulator. Sometimes they are located in the alternator and can go bad in a new one. On Ford vehicle the voltage regulator is separate from the alternator.
Internal parts can wear out or burn out.