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In general , all the buses can be grouped into :
1. An internal bus is a bus which is inside the processor. It carries data and addresses between components such as registers inside the processor.
2. An external bus is a bus which is outside of the processor .It acts as a path way between the internal bus and outside units such as memory , Keyboard , monitor etc. The buses carry data and addresses.
Data and Address buses
All the above buses carry data and addresses through separate pathways except Von Neumann earlier architecture which has only a single bus carrying both data and addresses.
A data bus carries data. Most processors have internal data buses that carry information inside the processor and external data buses that carry information back and forth between the processor and memory.
An address bus carries addresses of memory locations where data and instructions are stored or for i/o operations.
FUNCTIONS OF BUSES
1. Data sharing -The data bus must be able to transfer data between the computer computer components .t.
The data is travel in a parallel stream or serial stream as the case may be.
2. Addressing - An address bus has address lines which carry addresses of memory locations..
3. Power - A power bus supplies power to various peripherals that are connected to it.
4. Timing - The control bus provides a system clock signal to synchronize the peripherals of various components.
Single bus organization
A single bus organization always refers to a single data bus organization. The single BUS will act as both data and address bus.
The von Neumann architecture is a single bus architecture. The CPU registers and the ALU will use the single bus to move outgoing and incoming data. Several other registers such as : MAR , MDR , Instruction register IR , Program counter PC etc are connected as shown. R0 to to R3 are the general purpose registers.
Two bus organization
When there are two data buses , besides the address bus if any , it is said to be a two bus organization. If there are no separate address bus, the data bus will act as the address bus also.
This architecture provides two data buses for faster solution of data transfer. General purpose registers R0 to Rn are connected to both buses. Data can enter through one bus and leave through the other data bus. Data from two different registers also can enter the ALU at the same time through different input points.
Three bus organization or (Three data bus organization )
The three bus organization refers to the three data bus architecture.
Here the two data buses may be used to carry output from CPU internal registers . The two buses also carry data as input to the ALU for faster operation. The output flows through the 3rd bus.
Prof janahanlal Stephen
Using a multi-bus architecture will really improve the speed and also increase the performance of your processor in execution of different instructions because using a multi- bus architecture will help in such a way that one device would be connected to one bus or less devices would be connected to one bus rather than in single bus architecture more devices would be attached to single bus. Hence, the delay in execution of instructions of the devices would be really less because in case of single bus architecture the delay is greater. How is that so ? Actually when an instruction is transferred by the bus to the processor from a specific device, the other devices wait for the bus to be free and transfer their instructions when the bus becomes free. Hence each device has to wait for the bus to be free and hence a delay comes in the execution of the instructions. Now in a multi bus architecture less devices are connected to a single bus hence the delay in the execution of instructions is less. Therefore, improving the speed of the execution of the program.
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