Melodic shapes
A: musical notation.
The symbol for a loud sound is typically represented with an exclamation mark (!) in written language. In musical notation, a crescendo symbol (</>) is often used to indicate increasing loudness.
There is no widely known author named Albert C Vinci.
Rests
Musical notation is literally music notes $$$$&$$$&
It is A flat.
B
Yes.
"Joking" in English is scherzando, which also is used in musical notation for playing pieces playfully, in Italian.
pitch
Tablature