Portugal
Spain did not give up its African colonies. It lost Cuba and the Philippines.
Belgium stripped local African leaders of all political influence.
Countries that employed direct control over their colonies include France and Belgium, particularly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. France implemented a policy of assimilation, aiming to integrate colonies into French culture and governance. Belgium, especially in the Congo, exercised brutal direct administration with little regard for local customs or governance. This approach contrasted with indirect control used by other colonial powers, like Britain, which often relied on local rulers to maintain order.
No, they were colonies of Belgium under King Leopold II
King Leopold II of Belgium. Due to his harsh and violent control of the Congo, he was forced to give it up to the Government of Belgium in 1908. Conditions quickly improved thereafter.
Italian Eritrea (1886-1941) Italian Somaliland (1889-1941) Italian Ethiopia (1936-1941)
NoSwitzerland did not have any colonies.
The first African Americans in the English colonies were brought to Jamestown.
The Congo
7 European Countries were held African colonies by 1914.
The African settlement of colonies was based on countries, such as Kenya and Rhodesia, provided land for European settlers.