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One problem with a longitudinal study is that a relationship is built with participants, making it difficult for the researcher to remain objective. In a snapshot study, that relationship isn't built, making it easier to remain objective, reducing researcher bias. Researcher bias is an extraneous variable, which can affect the dependent variable, whereas only the independent variable should affect it. This can make it more difficult to establish cause and effect.
In addition, subject attrition isn't as much of an issue in snapshot research (where participants drop out), so therefore the sample is just as large as it was when the study started. Therefore, the sample remains unbiased - as in longitudinal research only a particular type of person would continue in the study - and representative.
However, a snapshot study doesn't show a behaviour developing in the same group like longitudinal research does, therefore, participant variables become an issue. Participant variables are an extraneous variable, which can affect the dependent variable, whereas only the independent variable should affect it. This can make it more difficult to establish cause and effect.
Strengths: Snapshot studies provide a quick, cost-effective way to collect data on a specific topic at a specific point in time, offering a snapshot of a situation. They can be useful for identifying trends or patterns and can be completed relatively quickly.
Weaknesses: They may not capture changes that occur over time, lack the ability to establish causation, and may not provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic being studied due to their brief and limited nature. Additionally, they may be subject to bias or inaccuracies if not conducted carefully.
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