He tested the Herder by Pretending to be a beggar that has been worn down. He asks of the king (himself) and how he was a great warrior. The Herder did not have any idea that the king was in front of him the whole time.
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Odysseus tests the loyalty of the swineherd and the cowherd by pretending to be a beggar and observing how they treat him without knowing his true identity. He engages in conversation with them to assess their honesty, kindness, and hospitality, which ultimately reveals their loyalty to him as their true king, Odysseus.
Odysseus treats Eumaeus and the cowherd with kindness and respect. He shows appreciation for their loyalty and hospitality, even though he initially disguises himself to test their loyalty. Odysseus ultimately reveals his true identity to them and includes them in his plans to reclaim his kingdom.
Telemachus thinks Odysseus is a stranger when they first reunite. Athena disguises Odysseus as a beggar to test the loyalty of his household and to prepare for his revenge against the suitors.
Seareach accuses Odysseus of being a coward and a fraud because he pretends to be a beggar to gain entry into his own home and to test the suitors' loyalty.
loki
Telemachus initially thinks Odysseus is a stranger when they reunite, as Athena has disguised Odysseus to test his son's loyalty and bravery. Telemachus only realizes the truth after Odysseus reveals their shared knowledge of a secret about their household.