The plague has come to Thebes, because the previous sovereign, Theban King Laius, was murdered. It was a most heinous crime to murder a king. His murderers weren't identified specifically, and never were punished. That unsolved crime of murder has encouraged the equally heinous crime, but yet unknown offense, of incest.
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Thebes is the setting of Oedipus Rex because it is the place where the story begins.
Artemis is the Goddess of the hunt. In Oedipus Rex, she is the second Goddess called for to save Thebes from the plague it is suffering because of the murder of Laius, who was Oedipus' father.
Thebes was the land that Oedipus ruled.
Thebes Thebes
Oedipus Rex is set in ancient Thebes.