Leading two octets of message digest: L,
To enable the recipient to determine if the correct public key (k(A)
e ) was used to decrypt the message digest for authentication, by comparing this
plaintext copy of the first two octets with the first two octets of the
decrypted digest.
These octets also serve as a 16-bit frame-check sequence for the message,
for authentication and error detection.
maximum 60 octets minimum 20 octets
Octets do.
You don't need to worry about changing any of the octets when the values of an octet contain leading zeros. The two examples are effectively the same.
120
4
2
In the Telecommunications book on Page 180. The answer is Yes it does have a fixed-length frame of 53 octets.
120 octets
IPv4 addresses have 4 octets, each octet separated by a period. For example, at this time, one of Yahoo's servers has an ip address of 67.195.160.76.
Because the octets equal to 0 and 255 are reserved
Groups of eight are often called 'octets'.
expanded