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Sand is deposited as single touching rigid grains. The

porosity

is the space remaining between the touching grains, and is not reduced significantly by compaction until pressures cause the sand grains to break or to undergo chemical changes such as diagenesis. In diagenesis the sand grains will dissolve and redeposit changing the volume and porosity of the sandstone.



Mud can have 60-80% original porosity, before compaction while sand porosity is normally below 45-50% when originally deposited. The reason mud is so different is that it has an open fabric that can hold water within the mud floccules, which are groups of clay platelets held together by

ionic attraction

(and not gravity). Clay platelets in the mud form a "house of cards" type structure due to the ionic attraction between them and create this open system that can hold more water than mud initially.


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Q: Why do muds lose more volume during compaction than sands do?
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