Not all firearm cartridges are. Some casings are made from steel or aluminum. Brass is used because it is a soft metal, and established a tight seating and seal in the chamber. Additionally, soft metals such as brass put less wear on chambers and extractors than aluminum or steel. Brass is also desirable for those who handload, since brass casings can be used for reloading.
Brass is slightly magnetic due to traces (about .2 - .4%) of iron in the alloy.
Rimfire cartridges are comprised of a soft lead bullet, a case most often made of brass, and the smokeless propellant (powder).
The ejector
Some are rimfire, some are centerfire. Depends on the design of the firearm.
An industrial plant that assembles cartridges cases, primers, gunpowder and bullets to make firearm cartridges.
Fireworks, cannon shells, and firearm cartridges.
Action or reciever
Any firearm using modern cartridges can be. However, it is an extremely dangerous thing to do with any firearm, and this should not be attempted.
No- it is neither centerfire nor rimfire, since it does not use cartridges.
Can it, yes. Should it be, no. If it is an antique, you would be destroying its collector value to get a "shooter" that would probably not be very good. If it is a modern reproduction, the BATF would be after you for manufacturing a firearm because as a percussion revolver it is not treated as a firearm, but once converted it is. The BATFE would not "be after you" for manufacturing a firearm. You may do this, as LONG as the firearm is not "transferred" by selling it. It must remain with the manufacturer....YOU for life. If you decide to sell the firearm, it must then be assigned a serial number and transferred legally through an FFL dealer.
Action or reciever
The very first cartridges were small wooden bottles, each holding a measured charge of powder. When loading a firearm, the stopper was removed, and the powder poured down the barrel. Later cartridges consisted of a charge of powder wrapped in paper with a lead bullet at one end. The paper was torn or bitten, powder poured down the barrel, and paper and bullet rammed on top. Later experiment made the body of the cartridge out of leather, tin foil, cardboard, etc. The current cartridge cases as made of brass, steel, or plastic. And it seems we are trying to go back to earlier days, since experiments with caseless cartridges have gone on for some years. The link at the bottom of the page will take you to a Wikipedia article on cartridges. Enjoy.