Are you asking about double rifles,rook rifles or bolt action.
Book of Bolt Action Rifles should help
It is possible, yes.
No.
Yes.
No.
Earlier rifle designs did not have adequate strength for high powered cartridges. The bolt action is a very strong action, and is also a very accurate rifle. Bolt action rifles are used for hunting, target shooting, and for military sniper rifles.
Winchester made numerous bolt action 22 rifles.
50-500 USD depending on specifics
3 - Three
you can get that mount at mid way
Barrett makes a range of .50 rifles, some of which are self loading (semiautomatic), and some of which are bolt action. The most famous of these rifles is the M92/M107, which is semiautomatic.