Which are the most effective quit smoking programs?

Answer 1

Well-known smoking cessation support programs include Smokefree, Quitnet, and Nicotine Anonymous. For local support groups, see Quitnet, which provides a listing of smoking cessation programs, organized by location.

Answer 2

Everyone has a different way to quit smoking. A program that works for one may not work for another. Quitting with the aid of a nicotine patch or nicotine gum seems to help most with cravings.

Answer 3

Alternative Names

Smoking cessation - medications; Smokeless tobacco - medications; Medications for stopping tobacco

Information

Non-habit forming prescription medication may help you quit nicotine and tobacco and keep you from starting again. These medications do not contain nicotine, and they work in a different way than nicotine replacement therapy.

Like other treatments, these medicines work best when they are part of a program that includes:

• Making a clear decision to quit and setting a quit date. See: Making the decision to quit tobacco
• Creating a plan to help when you next reach for a cigarette. See: Smoking tips on how to quit
• Getting support from a doctor, counselor, or support group. See: Stop smoking support programs

BUPROPION (Zyban®)

Bupropion is a pill that may help decrease your craving for tobacco when you are trying to quit.

Although bupropion is also prescribed for people with depression, it will help with quitting tobacco, whether or not you have problems with depression. The exact way bupropion helps with tobacco cravings is not clear.

Bupropion is not FDA-approved for people under age 18, and is generally not used for those who:

• Are pregnant
• Have a history of seizures, kidney failure, heavy alcohol use, eating disorders such as anorexia or bulimia, bipolar or manic depressive illness, or a serious head injury

How to take it:

• Bupropion works best if started 1 - 2 weeks before you stop smoking. Although most studies tested treatment durations of 7 - 14 weeks, you can take it for up to 6 months or a year.
• The most common dosage is 150 mg tablets once or twice per day.
• Taking bupropion along with nicotine patches, gums, or lozenges may work better for those who need help with the craving. Ask your doctor if this is okay for you.

Side effects that have been reported include:

• Dry mouth
• Problems sleeping. If this occurs, you can try taking the second dose of the day in the afternoon, but it must be at least 8 hours after the first dose.
• The FDA has required the makers of bupropion to add the strongest possible warning regarding serious mental health side effects that may occur while using the medication. These side effects include "changes in behavior, hostility, agitation, depressed mood, suicidal thoughts and behavior, and attempted suicide." Patients are advised to stop taking the medication right away if any of these symptoms occur.

VARENICLINE (CHANTIX®)

Varenicline (Chantix®) helps with the craving for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. It affects the brain, decreasing the physical effects of nicotine. So even if you start smoking again after quitting, you will not get as much pleasure from it.

How to take it:

• Your doctor will ask you to start taking this medication a week before you quit cigarettes. You will take it for 12 - 24 weeks.
• You should take it after meals with a full glass of water.
• Your doctor will give you instructions. Usually, you will be asked to take one 0.5 mg pill a day at first. By the end of the second week, you will likely be taking a 1 mg pill twice a day.
• Based on current research, this drug should not be combined with nicotine replacement therapy.
• Varenicline is not FDA-approved, and therefore is not recommended for children under age 18.

Side effects are possible (although most of the time people tolerate varenicline well), including:

• Headaches, problems sleeping, sleepiness, and unusual dreams
• Constipation, intestinal gas, nausea, and changes in taste
• Depressed moods, as well as thoughts of suicide and attempted suicide have been reported. Call your doctor right away if you have any of these symptoms.

OTHER MEDICINES

There is some evidence that the following medicines may be helpful in quitting smoking when the first-line medicines have not worked. However, their benefits are less consistent, and they are considered "second-line."

• Clonidine (Catapres), normally used to treat high blood pressure, is also used to treat tobacco withdrawal symptoms
• Other antidepressants, such as fluoxetine (Prozac) and nortriptyline
• Buspirone (Buspar)

References

Burke MV, Ebbert JO, Hays JT. Treatment of tobacco dependence. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:479-483.

Eisenberg MJ, Filion KB, Yavin D, et al. Pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation: a meta-analysis of randomized controled trials. CMAJ. 2008;179:135-144. Erratum in: CMAJ. 2008;179:802.

Fiore MC, Jaen CR, Baker TB, Bailey WC. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update--Clinical Practice Guideline. May 2008. Accessed December 25, 2009.

Guide to Quitting Smoking. American Cancer Society. Last Medical Review: 10/01/2009. Last Revised: 11/23/2009. Accessed December 14, 2009.

Answer 4

Alternative Names

Smoking cessation - medications; Smokeless tobacco - medications; Medications for stopping tobacco

Information

Medications your health care provider prescribes can help you quit nicotine and tobacco and keep you from starting again. These medications:

• Help with the craving for tobacco and the withdrawal symptoms
• Do not contain nicotine, and work in a different way than nicotine replacement therapy
• Are not habit-forming

Like other treatments, these medicines work best when they are part of a program that includes:

• Making a clear decision to quit and setting a quit date. See: Making the decision to quit tobacco
• Creating a plan to help when you next reach for a cigarette. See: Smoking tips on how to quit
• Getting support from a doctor, counselor, or support group. See: Stop smoking support programs

BUPROPION (ZybanA)

Bupropion is a pill that may help decrease your craving for tobacco when you are trying to quit.

Although bupropion is also prescribed for people with depression, it will help with quitting tobacco, whether or not you have problems with depression. The exact way bupropion helps with tobacco cravings is not clear.

Bupropion is not FDA-approved for people under age 18, and is generally not used for those who:

• Are pregnant
• Have a history of seizures, kidney failure, heavy alcohol use, eating disorders such as anorexia or bulimia, bipolar or manic depressive illness, or a serious head injury

How to take it:

• Bupropion works best if started 1 - 2 weeks before you stop smoking. You can take it for up to 6 months or a year.
• The most common dosage is 150 mg tablets once or twice per day.
• Taking bupropion along with nicotine patches, gums, or lozenges may work better for people who need help with cravings. Ask your doctor if this is okay for you.

Side effects that have been reported include:

• Dry mouth
• Problems sleeping. If this occurs, you can try taking the second dose in the afternoon, but it must be at least 8 hours after the first dose.
• Stop taking the medication right away if you have changes in behavior, hostility, agitation, depressed mood, suicidal thoughts and behavior, or attempted suicide.

VARENICLINE (CHANTIXA)

Varenicline (ChantixA) helps with the craving for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. It affects the brain, decreasing the physical effects of nicotine. So even if you start smoking again after quitting, you will not get as much pleasure from it.

How to take it:

• Your doctor will ask you to start taking this medication a week before you quit cigarettes. You will take it for 12 - 24 weeks.
• You should take it after meals with a full glass of water.
• Your doctor will give you instructions. Usually, you will be asked to take one 0.5 mg pill a day at first. By the end of the second week, you will likely be taking a 1 mg pill twice a day.
• Based on current research, this drug should not be combined with nicotine replacement therapy.
• Varenicline is not FDA-approved, and therefore is not recommended for children under age 18.

Side effects are possible (although most of the time people tolerate varenicline well), including:

• NOTE: Use of this medication is associated with an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and vascular problems.
• Headaches, problems sleeping, sleepiness, and unusual dreams
• Constipation, intestinal gas, nausea, and changes in taste
• Depressed mood, as well as thoughts of suicide and attempted suicide have been reported. Call your doctor right away if you have any of these symptoms.

OTHER MEDICINES

There is some evidence that the following medicines may be helpful in quitting smoking when the first-line medicines have not worked. However, their benefits are less consistent, and they are considered "second-line" treatment.

• Clonidine (Catapres), normally used to treat high blood pressure, increases the chance of smokers quitting when it is started before quitting in doses of 0.1 - 0.75 mg per day, either as a pill or patch.
• Nortriptyline, another antidepressant, increases the chance of smokers quitting when it is started 10 - 28 days before quitting in doses of 75 - 100 mg per day.

References

American Cancer Society. Guide to Quitting Smoking January 2011. Accessed February 21, 2011.

Benowitz NL. Tobacco. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 30.

Eisenberg MJ, Filion KB, Yavin D, et al. Pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ. 2008;179:135-144.

Fiore MC, Jaen CR, Baker TB, Bailey WC, Benowitz NL, Curry SJ. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service, May 2008. Accessed February 21, 2011.

Hays JT, Ebbert JO, Sood A. Treating tobacco dependence in light of the 2008 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services clinical practice guideline. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84:730-735.

Singh S, Loke YK, Spangler JG, Furberg CD. Risk of serious adverse cardiovascular events associated with varenicline: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2011 Jul 4: 1-8.

Reviewed By

Review Date: 07/22/2011

A.D.A.M. Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, and David R. Eltz. Previously reviewed by David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine.