The Pacific Test Range starting with Bikini Atoll in 1946 with Operation Crossroads. It eventually expanded to encompass Eniwetok Atoll, Johnston Island, and several other Islands and Atolls. The largest device tested was the Castle Bravo shot in 1954 at 15 Mtons.
The Nevada Test Site north of Las Vegas started in 1951 as the official continental test site with Operation Ranger. The largest device tested was the Plumbob Pricilla shot in 1957 at 78 Ktons. The Plumbob series also included a failed underground "safety test" that launched its 4 inch thick steel "manhole cover" at a speed documented at greater than escape velocity, making it the first manmade object to launch from the earth's surface at greater than escape velocity (although it definitely melted from friction before leaving the atmosphere and fell back).
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The main one is the Nevada Test Site north of Las Vegas. The Trinity Site in White Sands, NM is where the first test was done. A few underwater shots were tested in the Pacific SW of San Diego, CA. About half a dozen states have one or more sites for various Project Plowshare (Atoms for Peace) tests.
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The US had signed several nuclear treaties throughout much of the Cold War. These include the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty, the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the 1972 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I ABM treaty, the 1972 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I Interim Agreement, the 1979 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II, the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF), the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, the 1993 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty II, and the 1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).
The 2 test ranges were the pacific test range (bikini and eniwetok atolls) and the Nevada proving grounds (north of Vegas). Additional tests were done in about a half dozen states including Colorado, New Mexico, off the coast of California south of san Diego (underwater). Two test series were launched on rockets from kwajalene atoll to explode in space. One of these series was during project Gemini and they had to postpone the Gemini mission for fear the capsule's orbit would cross the radiation belt from one test.
The United States was at first a beautiful liberal experiment to test out the ideals and dream of the times. At this point in history, it seemed the foundations of personal liberty and equality under the law were being weighed on the scales to see if they could hold up the country. It was a test to see if our society and beliefs could stand, and they did.